A recent Science paper described an extremely strange antiphage reverse transcriptase system, DRT3. DRT3 is made up of two RT-like proteins, DRT3a and DRT3b, and a non-coding RNA. These assemble into a large ribonucleoprotein complex with six copies of each component. Functionally, the two RTs make opposite strands of an alternating dinucleotide DNA repeat. DRT3a … Continue reading DRT3 and the Creativity of Molecular Biology
In our genetics 101, we often learn that the genetic code is a strict dictionary. But biology, as we know it, is the wonderland of exceptions. In fact, the genetic code can only be called “nearly universal”, since up to 60 deviations have been described so far (Lukes et al. Curr. Biol., 2025). Departures sometimes … Continue reading The 4-bp anticodon stem tRNA: an anarchist of the genetic code
A violet amethyst crystal, while beautiful on the outside, is a highly ordered structure at the microscopic level, and therefore cannot evolve. In contrast, a gas is highly random and cannot store any form of structure or information. Life sits right there in the middle, a highly structured and complex system with a tolerated degree … Continue reading Why evolution needs noise: in the light of QT45 ribozyme
Information is one of the first words that comes up whenever people try to define life. Any living system must be able to store information and pass them on to the next generation. The stored information are instructions used to build the structures and functions necessary for cellular life to operate such as metabolism, membranes, … Continue reading Origin of protein translation: a factory that built itself
Since the very beginning of life, organisms have needed a way to store and pass on information. Current knowledge suggests that the first form of genetic information was stored in ribonucleic acid (RNA). Over time, life invented DNA, a chemically more stable molecule, for long-term information storage and faithful inheritance across generations. This genetic information … Continue reading DNA Replication and Convergent Evolution: How Life Reinvented a Core Process
You probably had a common cold sometime in the last three months. Surely, you wondered which of your close contacts was the origin of the infection. I will give an answer, but I will start from the very beginning. In this article, I will discuss the evolution of viruses and how it differs from that … Continue reading Viruses: The Ultimate Genetic Engineers
RNA biology has won two consecutive Nobel Prizes in 2023 and 2024. Along with other groundbreaking discoveries, these Nobel Prize-winning advancements in RNA biology have significantly impacted the field of molecular biology and continue to challenge some of our central ideas about life and gene regulation. One of the best examples supporting this notion is … Continue reading The Evolution of the Central Dogma: Insights from RNA Biology
RNA Stuff 